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Java Concurence Support And Modifiers

The Java platform is designed from the ground up to support concurrent programming, with basic parallel support built into the Java programming language and the Java class library. In concurrent programming, there are two basic units of execution: processes and threads. In the Java programming language, concurrent programming is mostly related to threads. However, processes are also important.

process

A process has a self-contained execution environment. A process usually has a complete, private set of basic run-time resources; In particular, each process has its own memory space. Processes are often seen as synonymous with programs or applications. However, what a user sees as a single application may actually be a set of cooperating processes. To facilitate communication between processes, most operating systems support inter process communication (IPC) resources, such as pipes and sockets. IPC is used not only for communication between processes on the same system but also between processes on different systems.

Threads

Threads are sometimes called lightweight processes. Both processes and threads provide an execution environment, but creating a new thread requires fewer resources than creating a new process. Threads exist within processes – every process has at least one. Threads share process resources including memory and open files. This makes for efficient, but potentially problematic, communication.

Access modifiers available in Java.

An access modifier specifies where a method or attribute can be used. The public can access from anywhere. Protected is accessible from the same class and its subclasses. package/default are accessible from the same package. Private is only accessible from class.

Abstract classes and interfaces

An abstract class can have a concrete method, which is not allowed in an interface. An abstract class can have private or protected methods and variables, and only public methods and variables are allowed in an interface. We can implement more than one interface, but we can extend only one abstract class. Interfaces provide loose coupling while abstract classes provide tight coupling.

Garbage collection

Garbage collection is the process of releasing memory used by unreferenced objects. This frees the programmer from the process of manually releasing memory used by objects.

Limitation: It adds an overhead that can affect performance. Also there is no guarantee that the item will be garbage collected.

JAR files in Java and their importance.

JAR stands for Java Archive. It is a file format that enables you to bundle multiple files into a single archive file. A jar file will contain a manifest.mf file in the META-INF folder that describes the version and other characteristics of the jar file.

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