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Biotechnology in Agriculture

The word agriculture means cultivation of plants, animals, food, fuel, clothing, medicine and other products necessary for our life. Traditional agriculture is practiced in many ways by different peoples around the world. It is well known that the quality of agricultural products varies from place to place and that some agricultural products are not available in some parts of the world, while they are abundant in the rest of the world. This variation is due to many factors including climatic conditions, climate, water availability, mineral content of soil and last but not least political and geographical factors. Another factor that contributed to the development of modern agriculture is the production of plant products, increasing disease, pest, drought resistance in plant products.

Biotechnology has emerged from traditional science to tackle problems in every area of ​​life, from plant breeding to genetic engineering. Among the wide range of applications of biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology is one. It involves plant development in such a way that plants produce high yields of products such as grains, vegetables, fruits, leaves (leafy vegetables) and can withstand extreme conditions such as high temperature, high salinity in water and high humidity. the air Moreover we can produce plant products according to our needs and control the characteristics like color, taste, smell and shape of fruits and vegetables. All this is possible using the properties of a miraculous molecule called DNA (De Oxy Ribose Nucleic Acid). Since the discovery of DNA, scientists have developed solutions to overcome problems in agriculture by altering the genetic structure of DNA.

Crops whose DNA has been modified are called “Transgenic Plants” or “Transgenic Crops” and the products obtained from these plants are called genetically modified plant products. So, how is this done? All living things, including animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, and microorganisms, have DNA, which guides their development and how they live. This DNA is divided into “genes”, which are specific to each characteristic and function of the organism. This means, if we change genes, we are changing any specific ‘characteristic’ or ‘function’ of that organism or any part of that organism. The same principle is also applied in agricultural biotechnology. If we want to increase the color of the flowers produced by a plant, we can change the genetic makeup of the gene responsible for that color. This process can be done using any part of the plant, another example is to increase the sweetness of fruit, in this case we modify the gene responsible for fructose production. Fructose is the sugar that gives fruit its sweetness, in theory, if you change the gene to make more fructose, the fruit will be sweeter.

On May 21, 1994, a major breakthrough in agriculture was seen when the “flavor sour” tomato entered the US market. This discovery laid the foundation for storing vegetables and fruits for several days without refrigeration. An enzyme called polygalacturonase is responsible for dissolving the pectin in the cell-wall. A complementary gene to the polygalacturonase gene can be cloned using antisense RNA technology. This antisense gene will block the polygalacturonase produced by its gene and thus stop rotting of fruits and vegetables. Due to the very low production of cell wall-degrading enzymes, spoilage of fruits and vegetables is delayed. Millions of dollars are now saved annually by using this revolutionary technology, reducing wastage of fruits and vegetables during transportation.

We have discussed only a few applications from the huge database of biotechnological applications in agriculture. We have seen only the benefits of biotechnology, at the same time everything in this world has its own advantages and disadvantages and biotechnology is no exception. Much has been said by the non-scientific community about the potential risks of biotechnology to us and our environment, but so far there is no evidence from scientific studies that the risks are real. At the same time we experience a range of benefits offered by transgenic plants, beyond the benefits arising from traditional agricultural practices.

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