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Wide Area Network (WAN)

Mitundu ndi Makhalidwe a WAN

Kodi WAN ndi chiyani?

Pali matanthauzo awiri omwe alipo a Wide Area Network (WAN). Tanthauzo la buku la WAN ndi netiweki yomwe imayenda mozungulira malo akulu, nthawi zambiri kuti ilumikizane ndi ma Local Area Networks (LANs). Tanthauzo lothandiza la WAN ndi netiweki yomwe imadutsa pa netiweki yapagulu kapena onyamula malonda, pogwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwamaukadaulo angapo a WAN.

Kodi Zigawo Zake Zikuluzikulu Ndi Chiyani?

Zigawo zazikulu za WAN ndi ma routers, ma switch ndi modemu. Zigawo izi zafotokozedwa pansipa mu gawo la hardware.

CPE – Zipangizo zomwe zili pamalo olembetsa zimatchedwa zida za kasitomala (CPE).

Wolembetsa ali ndi CPE kapena amabwereketsa CPE kuchokera kwa wothandizira. Chingwe chamkuwa kapena cha fiber chimalumikiza CPE ku malo osinthira apafupi ndi opereka chithandizo kapena ofesi yapakati. Cabling iyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa loop yakomweko, kapena “mamita omaliza”.

DTE/DCE – Zipangizo zomwe zimayika data pa loop yakumaloko zimatchedwa zida za data circuit-terminating, kapena data communications equipment (DCE). Zipangizo zamakasitomala zomwe zimatumiza deta ku DCE zimatchedwa zida za data terminal (DTE). DCE imapereka mawonekedwe a DTE mu ulalo wolumikizirana pamtambo wa WAN.

Zida zamagetsi

Mu WAN mudzafunika mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida za Hardware kuti zigwire ntchito. Zinthu zofananira za Hardware zomwe mungafune mu WAN ndi:

Router – Chida chamagetsi chomwe chimalumikiza netiweki yadera (LAN) ku netiweki yadera lalikulu (WAN) ndikugwira ntchito yotumizira mauthenga pakati pa maukonde awiriwa. Imagwira pagawo 3, ndikupanga zisankho pogwiritsa ntchito ma adilesi a IP.

Switch – Chosinthira ndi chipangizo cha netiweki chomwe chimasankha njira kapena dera lotumizira gawo la data komwe likupita. Imagwira pagawo 2, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito ma adilesi a MAC kutumiza deta kuti ikonze kopita.

Modem – Yachidule ya modulator/demodulator, modemu imathandizira kompyuta kulumikizana ndi makompyuta ena pamizere yamafoni. Imagwira pagawo 1, pomwe ma siginecha amasinthidwa kuchokera ku digito kupita ku analogi ndi mosemphanitsa kuti atumize ndikulandila.

Wan Standards

Ma WAN amagwira ntchito mumtundu wa OSI pogwiritsa ntchito magawo 1 ndi magawo 2. Deta yolumikizira wosanjikiza ndi gawo lakuthupi. Ma protocol akuthupi amafotokozera momwe angaperekere zolumikizira zamagetsi, zamakina ndi magwiridwe antchito kuzinthu zoperekedwa ndi ISP. Dongosolo la ulalo wa data limatanthawuza momwe deta imasungidwira kuti itumizidwe kumasamba akutali.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation ndi kukulunga kwa data mumutu wina wa protocol. Kumbukirani kuti ma WAN amagwira ntchito pagulu komanso pa ulalo wa data wa mtundu wa osi komanso kuti ma protocol apamwamba monga IP amakutidwa akatumizidwa pa ulalo wa WAN. Ma seri interfaces amathandiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya WAN encapsulation, yomwe iyenera kufotokozedwa pamanja. Mitundu iyi ikuphatikizapo SDLC, PPP, Frame delay etc. Mosasamala kanthu za WAN encapsulation yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito iyenera kukhala yofanana kumbali zonse ziwiri za mfundo yolozera ulalo.

Paketi ndi Kusintha kwa Circuit

Kusintha kwa circuit ndi kusintha kwa paketi zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamanetiweki apamwamba kwambiri.

Ma network ambiri osinthidwa masiku ano amapeza data pamanetiweki

kudzera pakusintha kwa paketi.

Kusintha kozungulira ndikodalirika kuposa kusintha kwa paketi. Kusintha kwa circuit ndikwakale komanso kokwera mtengo, kusintha kwa paketi ndikwamakono.

Nkhani Za Njira Zonse

Kodi Routing Protocol ndi chiyani?

Protocol yolowera ndi protocol yomwe imafotokozera momwe ma router amalankhulirana ndikusinthanitsa zidziwitso pamaneti. Router iliyonse imakhala ndi chidziwitso choyambirira cha oyandikana nawo ndipo amadziwa kapangidwe kake ka topology. Ma routers amadziwa izi chifukwa protocol yolowera imagawana izi.

Ndondomeko

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) inali imodzi mwama protocol omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamanetiweki amkati. Ma routers amagwiritsa ntchito RIP kuti azitha kusintha kusintha kwa maukonde olumikizana ndi ma netiweki ndikudziwitsa zambiri za ma netiweki omwe angafikire komanso mtunda wapakati pawo. RIP nthawi zina imanenedwa kuti imayimira Rest in Pieces potengera mbiri yomwe RIP ili nayo yosweka mosayembekezereka ndikupangitsa kuti netiweki isagwire ntchito.

Njira zopangira ma algorithms

Distance Vector

Njira yamtunduwu imafunikira kuti rauta iliyonse ingodziwitsa oyandikana nawo za tebulo lake. Protocol yakutali imadziwikanso kuti bellman-ford algorithm.

Link State

Mtundu woterewu umafunikira kuti rauta iliyonse ikhale ndi mapu a netiweki. Ulalo wa state algorithm umadziwikanso kuti Dijkstra’s algorithm.

Mtengo wa IGRP

IGRP ndi mtundu wa njira yoyendetsera ma vector mtunda yomwe idapangidwa ndi cisco yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusinthanitsa ma data pamakina odziyimira pawokha. Njira zoyendera ma vector amayesa mtunda ndikuyerekeza njira. Ma router omwe amagwiritsa ntchito vector yakutali ayenera kutumiza zonse kapena gawo la tebulo lawo mu uthenga wosinthira mayendedwe pafupipafupi kwa rauta iliyonse yoyandikana nayo.

Adilesi ndi Njira

Kodi mayendedwe amatanthauza chiyani?

Njira ndi njira yopangira kusankha momwe mungasunthire mapaketi kuchokera pa netiweki imodzi kupita pa ina.

Mayendedwe omwe amadziwikanso kuti mayendedwe amatha kuphunziridwa ndi rauta pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolowera kenako chidziwitsocho chimaperekedwa kuchokera ku rauta kupita ku rauta panjira yomwe mukupita.

Adilesi ya IP

Makina aliwonse olumikizidwa pa intaneti amapatsidwa adilesi ya IP. Chitsanzo cha adilesi ya IP chingakhale 192.168.0.1. Maadiresi a IP amawonetsedwa mumtundu wa decimal kuti apangitse kuti anthu amve mosavuta koma makompyuta amalumikizana mwanjira ya binary. Manambala anayi omwe amalekanitsa adilesi ya IP amatchedwa Octets. Malo aliwonse amakhala ndi ma bits asanu ndi atatu. Mukaphatikizidwa pamodzi mumapeza adilesi ya 32-bit. Cholinga cha octet iliyonse mu adilesi ya IP ndikupanga magulu a ma adilesi a IP omwe atha kuperekedwa mkati mwa netiweki. Pali magulu atatu akuluakulu omwe timachita nawo Kalasi A, B ndi C. Ma octets a IP adilesi amagawidwa m’magawo awiri Network ndi Host. M’kalasi A adilesi yoyamba octet ndi gawo la netiweki, izi zimatsimikizira kuti ndi netiweki yanji yomwe kompyuta ili, ma octets omaliza a adilesi ndi omwe ali pa netiweki.

Sub netting

Sub netting imakulolani kuti mupange maukonde angapo mkati mwa adilesi ya kalasi A, B kapena C. Adilesi ya subnet ndi adilesi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi LAN yanu. Mu adilesi ya Netiweki ya Gulu C mungakhale ndi chigoba cha 255.255.255.0. Chigoba cha subnet chimazindikiritsa gawo lomwe lili ndi netiweki komanso lomwe lili ndi malo. Mwachitsanzo 192.168.6.15 woyamba octet atatu octet ndi Network adiresi ndi octet otsiriza kukhala host(Workstation). Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa netiweki chifukwa zipata zimafunika kutumiza mapaketi ku LANS zina. Popatsa NIC iliyonse pachipata adilesi ya IP ndi chigoba cha Subnet imalola zipata zolowera mapaketi kuchokera ku LAN kupita ku LAN. Phukusili likafika komwe likupita, chipatacho chimagwiritsa ntchito magawo a subnet adilesi ya IP kusankha LAN yotumiza mapaketiwo.

Circuit Switched Leased Lines

Network switched network ndi yomwe imakhazikitsa dera lodzipatulira (kapena njira) pakati pa ma node ndi ma terminals ogwiritsa ntchito asanalankhule. Nawa mawu ena okhudzana ndi netiweki ya Circuit switched.

Frame relay ndi ntchito yolumikizirana patelefoni yopangidwa kuti izitha kutumizirana ma data otsika mtengo pakati pa netiweki zadera (LANs)

Kusokoneza koyambira ndi ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabizinesi ang’onoang’ono polumikizira intaneti. ISDN BRI imapereka njira ziwiri za digito za 64 Kbps kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.

Mawonekedwe oyambira (PRI) ndi mulingo wolumikizirana ndi matelefoni onyamula mauthenga amawu ndi data pakati pa malo awiri

Ma data onse ndi makanema amawu ndi ISDN ndipo amagwira ntchito pa 64kbit/s

Kusintha kwa Paketi

http://www.raduniversity.com/networks/2004/PacketSwitching/main.htm – _Toc80455261

Kusintha kwa paketi kumatanthawuza ma protocol omwe mauthenga amagawidwa m’mapaketi ang’onoang’ono asanatumizidwe. Paketi iliyonse imatumizidwa pa intaneti. Pamalo omwe akupita mapaketi amasonkhanitsidwa kukhala uthenga woyambirira. Kusinthana kwakukulu kwa paketi kuchokera ku Circuit Switching ndikuti mizere yolumikizirana sinapatsidwe mauthenga opitilira kuchokera komwe amachokera kupita komwe akupita. Mu Packet Switching, mauthenga osiyanasiyana amatha kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde omwewo mkati mwa nthawi yomweyo.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ndi njira yotumizirana ma cell, mapaketi osinthira ma netiweki ndi protocol yomwe imayika deta m’maselo ang’onoang’ono osasunthika.

ISDN imagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula mawu, data, kanema ndi zithunzi pamanetiweki amafoni. ISDN imayimira Integrated Services Digital Network. Isdn imaperekanso ogwiritsa ntchito 128kbps bandwidth. Izi zimachitika kudzera mu relay ya chimango. Kutumiza kwa chimango kumakwaniritsa ndikupereka ntchito pakati pa ISDN, yomwe imapereka bandwidth pa 128 Kbps ndi Asynchronous Transfer Mode yomwe imagwira ntchito mwanjira yofananira ndi ma frame relay koma pa liwiro lochokera ku 155.520 Mbps kapena 622.080 Mbps. Kutumizirana mafelemu kumatengera luso lakale la X.25 losinthira paketi ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza ma siginecha a analogi monga kukambirana patelefoni.

PSDN imayimira packet switched data network ndipo ndi netiweki yolumikizirana ndi data. Maukonde osinthira paketi sakhazikitsa chizindikiro cholumikizirana monga momwe telefoni ya anthu onse imachitira (mapaketi osinthika) Mapaketi amatumizidwa nthawi yayitali ndikupatsidwa kochokera komanso adilesi yolowera. Mapaketiwo amadalira ma routers kuti awerenge adilesi ndikuwongolera mapaketi kudzera pamaneti.

Mobile ndi Broadband Services

Digital Subscriber line (DSL) imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kubweretsa kulumikizana kwakukulu kwa bandwidth kunyumba ndi mabizinesi ang’onoang’ono kudzera pa waya wamkuwa wamkuwa. Izi zingatheke pokhapokha ngati mutakhala pakati pa ma telefoni. DSL imapereka mitengo yotsitsa mpaka 6mbps yolola kufalitsa kosalekeza kwamavidiyo, zomvera ndi 3D zotsatira. DSL yakhazikitsidwa kuti ilowe m’malo mwa ISDN ndikupikisana ndi modemu ya chingwe popereka ma multimedia kunyumba. DSL imagwira ntchito polumikiza chingwe cha foni yanu ku ofesi ya foni pa mawaya amkuwa omwe amalumikizidwa pamodzi.

Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kunyumba. Iwo amapereka mkulu Download liwiro koma m’munsi Kwezani liwiro. Pogwiritsa ntchito ADSL, mpaka 6.1 megabits pa sekondi iliyonse ya deta ikhoza kutumizidwa kumunsi mpaka 640 Kbps kumtunda.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Line

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line ndi mzere wa digito wolembetsa womwe umadutsa mawaya amkuwa. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ADSL ndi SDSL ndiko kusiyana kwa kuthamanga ndi kutsitsa. SDSL imalola kuchuluka kwa data komweku komanso kutsika kwa data komwe ADSL kumtunda kumatha kukhala kocheperako.

[http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0],,sid7_gci558545,00.html

HDSL High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line, imodzi mwa njira zoyambilira za DSL, imagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza ma digito amtundu wamba mkati mwa tsamba lamakampani komanso pakati pa kampani yamafoni ndi kasitomala. Khalidwe lalikulu la HDSL ndikuti limapereka bandwidth yofanana mbali zonse ziwiri.

IDSL ndi njira yomwe deta imatumizidwa pa 128 Kbps pa foni yamkuwa yamkuwa yokhazikika kuchokera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito kupita kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito digito.

The Local Loop imathandizira ogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi ogula kudzera pa malupu amkuwa am’deralo ndikuwonjezera zida zawo kuti apereke Broadband ndi ntchito zina. Izi zikuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito kulowa m’nyumba zosinthira kuti agwirizane ndi mizere yamkuwa yomwe imawagwirizanitsa ndi nyumba ndi malonda. BT ndi Chitsanzo cha Kusinthanitsa Kwakoko. Lupu yakomweko yolumikiza ma telefoni kwa olembetsa ambiri imatha kunyamula ma frequency kupitilira malire apamwamba a 3.4 kHz.

Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito DSL

DSL imatha kufalitsa mawu, deta ndi makanema nthawi yomweyo pama foni wamba amkuwa. Kulumikizana kwa DSL kumatha kuthetsa kuchedwa podikirira kutsitsa zambiri ndi zithunzi kuchokera pa intaneti. Imapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti yotsika mtengo kwambiri. Ubwino wina ndikuti kulumikizana kwa DSL nthawi zonse kumakhala pa intaneti (monga kulumikizana kwa LAN) popanda nthawi yodikirira kuyimba kapena kulumikiza.

Tsopano pali maulumikizidwe opitilira 10 miliyoni ku UK. Pofika Disembala 2005 panali ma 9.792 miliyoni olumikizidwa ku Broadband ku UK ndipo pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa mabandi omwe amatengera m’miyezi itatu mpaka Disembala anali opitilira 70,000 pa sabata.

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